Meier, M.A. and Duren, R.E., 2016. Theory for a low frequency marine dipole seismic source. Journal of Seismic Exploration, 25: 285-298.

At low frequencies, the far-field amplitude in a homogeneous half space excited by a dipole source is comparable to that from a monopole source if the total applied force is the same. The dipole far field amplitude depends on the amount of force but not on the size of the source element. Dimensions determine the mass load imposed by surrounding fluid on the source element and, consequently, the acceleration of the element resulting from a given force. Limiting acceleration to avoid cavitation is a consideration affecting the design of source element dimensions.

KEY WORDS: marine source, seismic acquisition, dipole, low frequency.