Analysis of GPR hyperbola targets using image processing techniques

Shahrabi, M.A. and Hashemi, H., 2021. Analysis of GPR hyperbola targets using image processing techniques. Journal of Seismic Exploration, 30: 561-575. The Canny edge detection method is an image processing technique that can be used to distinguish the edges of an image. This edge detection operator is mostly used for the analysis of object boundaries of images such as edge-based face recognition, edge-based obstacle detection, edge-based target recognition, image compression, etc. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a non-destructive geophysical method that is most often applied to detect underground features such as subsurface facilities, geological structures, changes in material properties, and voids and cracks. Small underground targets such as pipes and cables are expressed into radargrams as hyperbolic-shaped signatures depends on the orientation of the acquisition direction concerning the position of the object. Taking into account the large quantity of acquired GPR data during a field operation, the manual detection and localization of hyperbolas in radargrams can be time consuming and impracticable in large-scale surveys. In this work, the applicability of the Canny edge detection operator is investigated in the GPR processing procedure. In particular, Canny edge detection is used as a processing step for the detection of hyperbolic reflections in GPR images. The open-source finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulator GPRMax was used to generate synthetic radargrams.
- Al-Nuaimy, W., Huang, Y., Nakhkash, M., Fang, M.TC., Nguyen, V.T. and Ericsen A.,
- Automatic detection of buried utilities and solid objects with GPR using
- neural networks and pattern recognition. J. Appl. Geophys., 43: 157-165.
- Balanis, C.A., 1989. Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics. John Wiley & Sons, New
- York.
- Bergmann, T., Robertsson, J. and Holliger, K., 1998. Finite-difference modeling of
- electromagnetic wave propagation in dispersive and attenuating media.
- Geophysics, 63: 856-867.
- Bourgeois, J.M. and Smith, G., 1996. A fully three-dimensional simulation of a ground-
- penetrating radar: FDTD theory compared with experiment. IEEE T Antenn.
- Propag., 34: 36-44.
- Bruschini, C., Gros, B., Guerne, F., Piece, P. and Carmona, O.Y., 1998. Ground-
- penetrating radar and imaging metal detector for antipersonnel mine detection.
- J. Appl. Geophys., 40: 59-71. DOI: 10.1016/S0926-985 1(97)00038-4
- Bungey, J.H., Millard, S. and Shaw, M.R., 1997. Radar assessment of post-tensioned
- concrete. Engineer. Techn. Press, 1: 331-339.
- Canny, J., 1986. A computational approach to edge detection. IEEE Transact. Patt.
- Anal. Mach. Intell., 8: 679-714.
- Chen, H. and Anthony, G.C., 2010. Probabilistic robust hyperbola mixture model for
- interpreting ground penetrating radar data. Proc. Internat. Joint Conf. Neural
- Netw. (IJCNN), Barcelona.
- Daniels, D.J., 2004. Ground Penetrating Radar. The Institution of Electrical
- Engineers, London. DOI: 10.1049/PBRAOI5E.
- Daniels, D., 1996. Subsurface penetrating radar. London. The Institution of Electrical
- Engineers, London.
- Dou, Q., Wei, L., Magee, D. and Cohn A., 2016: Real-time hyperbola recognition and
- fitting in GPR data. IEEE Transact. Geosci. Remote Sens., 55: 51-62.
- Forde, M.C. and McCavitt, N., 1993. Impulse radar testing of structures. Proc. Inst. Civ.
- Engineer. Struct. Build.: 96-99.
- Giannopoulos, A., 2005. Modelling ground penetrating radar by GPRMax. Construct.
- Build. Mater., 19: 755-762.
- Gianoppollis, A., 1997. The investigation of transmission-line matrix and finite-
- difference time-domain methods for the forward problem of ground probing
- radar. Ph.D. Thesis, Univerity of York, York.
- Giannopoulos, A., 2005. Modelling ground penetrating radar by GPRMax. Construct.
- Build. Mater., 19: 755-762.
- Haralick, R., 1984. Digital step edges from zero crossings of second directional. IEEE
- Transact. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell., 6: 58-68.
- Kabade, A.L. and Sangam, D.V., 2016. Canny edge detection algorithm. Internat. J.
- Adv. Res. Electron. Communic. Engineer. (IJARECE), 5: 1292-1295.
- Kitti, T., Jaruwan, T. and Chaiyapon, T., 2012. An object recognition and identification
- system using the Harris corner detection method. Internat. J. Mach. Learn.
- Comput., 2: 462-465.
- Maini. R. and Aggarwal, H., 2009. Study and comparison of various image edge
- detection techniques. Internat. J. Image Process., (IJIP), 3: 1-11.
- Mertens, L., Persico, R., Matera, L. and Lambot, S., 2015. Automated detection of
- reflection hyperbolas in complex GPR images with no a-priori knowledge on the
- medium. IEEE Transact. Geosci. Remote Sens., 54: 580-596.
- Millard, S.G, Shaw, M.R., Giannopoulos, A. and Soutsos, M.N., 1998. Modelling of
- subsurface pulsed radar for nondestructive testing of structures. ASCE J. Mater.
- Civil Engineer., 10: 188-196.
- Shahrabi, M.A., Hashemi, H. and Hafizi, M.K., 2016. Application of mixture of Gaussian
- clustering on joint facies interpretation of seismic and magnetotelluric sections.
- Pure Appl. Geophys., 173: 623-626.
- Shihab, S. and Al-Nuaimy, W., 2005. Radius estimation for cylindrical objects detected
- by ground-penetrating radar. Subsurf. Sens. Technol. Applicat.: 6: 151-166.
- DOI: 10.1007/s11220-005-0004-1.
- Taflove, A., 1995. Computational electrodynamics: the finite-difference time-domain
- method. Artech House, Boston.
- Windsor, C., Capineri L. and Falorni P., 2013. A data pair-labeled generalized Hough
- transform for radar location of buried objects. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett.,
- 11: 124-127. DOT: 10.1109/LGRS.2013.2248119.
- Warren, C. and Giannopoulos, A., 2011. Creating finite-difference time-domain models
- of commercial ground-penetrating radar antennas using Taguchi’s optimization
- method. Geophysics, 76(2): Z37-Z47. DOI: 10.1190/1.3548506.
- Zarei, M. and Hashemi, H., 202. Primary-multiple separation technique based on image
- Radon transform. Arab. J. Geosci., 14: 462.